ÿþ<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title>Arabic verb conjugations</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Conjugation tables for all types of Arabic verbs (sound and weak), including standard and Egyptian Arabic." /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-29877981-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body> <div id="content"> <div id="head"> <span class="title">Arabic learning resources</span> <ul id="menu"> <li><a href="index.html">home</a></li> <li><a href="vocab.html">vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="grammar.html">grammar</a></li> <li><a href="faq.html">faq</a></li> <li><a href="about.html">about</a></li> <li><a href="links.html">links</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="body"> <h1>Verb conjugations for standard and Egyptian Arabic</h1> <br /><p>This page contains information about the different kinds of verbs in Arabic and conjugation tables for each kind in both standard and Egyptian Arabic.</p> First of all, there are two moods/tenses in Arabic. <ul><li>the perfect/past (<span class="arabic">'DE'6J</span> al-maaDi) - used to indicate actions that have been completed. This conjugation involves adding suffixes to the "base" form of the verb.</li> <li>the imperfect/present (<span class="arabic">'DE6'19</span> al-muDaari3) - used to indicate actions that have not been completed yet. This conjugation requires the addition of prefixes and, in some cases, suffixes as well.</li></ul> <p><span class="emphasis">Note:</span> There are no infinitive forms of verbs in Arabic. Instead, typically the masculine third-person perfect form is used (ex. <span class="arabic">/13</span>, to study, actually means "he studied").</p> <p>There are two main classes of verbs in Arabic: sound (<span class="arabic">5-J-</span> SaHiiH) and weak (<span class="arabic">E9*D</span> mu3tall). Here's an outline of the types of verbs:</p> <ul> <li><font size="4"><span class="bold"><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J-</span></span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH) <span class="bold">Sound verbs</span></font> - don't have a <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> as one of the three root letters <ul> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J- 'D3'DE</span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH as-saalim) <a href="#regsound"><span class="bold">Regular sound verbs</span></a></li> <li><span class="bold">Irregular sound verbs:</span> <ul> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'DE69A</span> (al-fi3l al-muDa33af) <a href="#gem"><span class="bold">Geminate/doubled verbs</span></a> - where the second and third radicals of the root are the same <ul> <li><span class="arabic">/BQ</span> daqqa - <span class="arabic">J/BQ</span> yadiqqu (to knock) </li> <li><span class="arabic">1/Q</span> radda - <span class="arabic">J1/Q</span> yaruddu (to reply) </li> </ul></li> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'DEGEH2</span> (al-fi3l al-mahmuuz) <a href="#hamz"><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs</span></a> - where <span class="arabic">!</span> is one of the consonants <ul> <li><span class="arabic">#CD</span> akala - <span class="arabic">J#CD</span> ya'kulu (to eat)</li> <li><span class="arabic">3#D</span> sa'ala - <span class="arabic">J3#D</span> yas'alu (to ask) </li> <li><span class="arabic">(/#</span> bada'a - <span class="arabic">J(/#</span> yabda'u (to begin) </li> </ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> <ul> <li><font size="4"><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'DE9*D</span> (al-fi3l al-mu3tall) <span class="bold">Weak verbs</span></font> - have a <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> as one or more of the root radicals <ul> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'DE+'D</span> (al-fi3l al-mi<u>t</u>aal) <a href="#assim"><span class="bold">Assimilated verbs</span></a> - begin with <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic"> J</span> (usually <span class="arabic">H</span>); in the imperfect and in other situations the <span class="arabic">H</span> often disappears <ul> <li><span class="arabic">H69</span> waDa3a - <span class="arabic">J69</span> yaDa3u (to put)</li> <li><span class="arabic">H5D</span> waSala - <span class="arabic">J5D</span> yaSilu (to arrive)</li> </ul></li> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'D#,HA</span> (al-fi3l al-ajwaf) <a href="#holl"><span class="bold">Hollow verbs</span></a> - the second radical is either a <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic"> J</span>; in the perfect, the <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> is replaced by an alif <ul> <li><span class="arabic">('9</span> baa3a - <span class="arabic">J(J9</span> yabii3u (to sell)</li> <li><span class="arabic">9'/</span> <span dir="ltr">3aada</span> - <span class="arabic">J9H/</span> ya3uudu (to return)</li> </ul></li> <li><span class="bold arabic">'DA9D 'DF'B5</span> (al-fi3l al-naaqiS) <a href="#defect"><span class="bold">Defective verbs</span></a> - where the final root radical is either <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> <font color="#ffffff">a</font> <ul><li><span class="arabic">F3I</span> nasiya - <span class="arabic">JF3I</span> yansa (to forget)</li> <li><span class="arabic">(/'</span> bada - <span class="arabic">J(/H</span> yabdu (to appear, seem)</li> </ul></li> </ul> </li></ul> <br /><hr /> <br /><h1>Sound verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J-</span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH)</h1> <center>Sound verbs don't have a <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> as one of the three root letters.</center> <br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="regsound"></a>Regular sound verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J- 'D3'DE</span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH as-saalim)</span> <br />This is the first type of sound verb. <br /><br /><span class="bold">Regular sound verbs - perfect mood</span> <br /><table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">C*( - JC*(</span> (to write)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*O</span> (katabtu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*</span> (katabt)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*N</span> (katabta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*</span> (katabt)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*P</span> (katabti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*J</span> (katabti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(N</span> (kataba)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(</span> (katab)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*</span> (katabat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*</span> (katabit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we wrote</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">C*(F'</span> (katabna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you wrote</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">C*(*E'</span> (katabtuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*('</span> (katabaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*'</span> (katabataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(F'</span> (katabna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(F'</span> (katabna)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*E</span> (katabtum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">C*(*H'</span> (katabtuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(*F</span> (katabtunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C*(H'</span> (katabuu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">C*(H'</span> (katabuu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) wrote</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">C(*F</span> (katabna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><span class="bold">Regular sound verbs - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">C*( - JC*(</span> (to write)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#C*(</span> (aktubu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#C*(</span> (aktib)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(</span> (taktubu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(</span> (tiktib)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(JF</span> (taktubiina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(J</span> (tiktibi)</td></tr> <tr><td>he writes</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JC*(</span> (yaktubu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JC*(</span> (yiktib)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she writes</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(</span> (taktubu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(</span> (tiktib)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we write</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">FC*(</span> (naktubu)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you write</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*C*('F</span> (taktubaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JC*('F</span> (yaktubaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*('F</span> (taktubaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FC*(</span> (naktubu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FC*(</span> (niktib)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(HF</span> (taktubuuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*C*(H'</span> (tiktibuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*C*(F</span> (taktubna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JC*(HF</span> (yaktubuuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">JC*(H'</span> (yiktibuu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) write</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JC*(F</span> (yaktubna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><hr /> <br /><h1>Sound verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J-</span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH)</h1> <br />There are two types of irregular sound verbs. The first is: <br /><br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="gem"></a>Geminate/doubled verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DE69A</span> (al-fi3l al-muDa33af)</span> <br />Verbs where the second and third radicals of the root are the same. <br /><br /><span class="bold">Geminate verbs - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">1/Q - J1/Q</span> (to reply)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//*O</span> (radadtu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/QJ*</span> (raddeit)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//*N</span> (radadta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/QJ*</span> (raddeit)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//*P</span> (radadti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/QJ*J</span> (raddeiti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">1/Q</span> (radda)</span></td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/Q</span> (radd)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">1/Q*</span> (raddat)</span></td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/Q*</span> (raddit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we replied</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">1//F'</span> (radadna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you replied</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">1//*E'</span> (radadtuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">1/Q'</span> (raddaa)</span></td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">1/Q*'</span> (raddataa)</span></td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//F'</span> (radadna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1/QJF'</span> (raddeina)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//*E</span> (radadtum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">1/QJ*H'</span> (raddeituu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//*F</span> (radadtunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">1/QH'</span> (radduu)</span></td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">1/QH'</span> (radduu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) replied</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1//F</span> (radadna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that in fuSHa, the doubled consonant is separated into two consonants for all the conjugations except the highlighted ones. In 3ammiyya, though, the doubled consonant stays doubled. <br /> <br /><span class="bold">Geminate verbs - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">1/Q - J1/Q</span> (to reply)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#1/Q</span> (aruddu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#1/Q</span> (arodd)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/Q</span> (taruddu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/Q</span> (tirodd)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/QJF</span> (taruddiina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/QJ</span> (tiroddi)</td></tr> <tr><td>he replies</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1/Q</span> (yaruddu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1/Q</span> (yirodd)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she replies</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/Q</span> (taruddu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/Q</span> (tirodd)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we reply</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F1/Q</span> (naruddu)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you reply</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*1/Q'F</span> (taruddani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1/Q'F</span> (yaruddaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/Q'F</span> (taruddaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F1/Q</span> (naruddu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F1/Q</span> (nirodd)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1/QHF</span> (tarudduuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*1/QH'</span> (tirodduu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">*1//F</span> (tardudna)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1/QHF</span> (yarudduuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J1/QH'</span> (yirodduu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) reply</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">J1//F</span> (yardudna)</span></td></tr> </table> <br />In fuSHa, the doubled consonant remains doubled for the imperfect conjugations, with the exception of the second- and third-person feminine plural conjugations. In 3ammiyya, the doubled consonant again remains doubled for everything. <br /><br /><hr /><br /> <h1>Sound verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D5-J-</span> (al-fi3l aS-SaHiiH)</h1><br /> The second type of irregular sound verb is: <br /><br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="hamz"></a>Hamzated verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DEGEH2</span> (al-fi3l al-mahmuuz)</span> <br />Verbs where <span class="arabic">!</span> is one of the root consonants. <br /><br /><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">#CD - J#CD</span> (to eat)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*O</span> (akaltu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD*</span> (akalt)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*N</span> (akalta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD*</span> (akalt)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*P</span> (akalti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD*J</span> (akalti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD</span> (akala)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD</span> (akal)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*</span> (akalat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD*</span> (aklit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we ate</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">#CDF'</span> (akalna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you ate</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">#CD*E'</span> (akaltuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD'</span> (akalaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*'</span> (akalataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CDF'</span> (akalna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CDF'</span> (akalna)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*E</span> (akaltum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">'CD*H'</span> (akaltuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD*F</span> (akaltunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CDH'</span> (akaluu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">'CDH'</span> (akaluu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) ate</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CDF</span> (akalna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that in 3ammiyya, people usually say <span class="arabic">CD</span> (kal) rather than <span class="arabic">'CD</span> (akal). However, for the sake of direct comparison with fuSHa, I went with the latter variation for this table. <br /> <br /><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">#CD - J#CD</span> (to eat)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#CD</span> (akulu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'CD</span> (aakul)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CD</span> (ta'kulu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*'CD</span> (taakul)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CDJF</span> (ta'kuliina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*'CDJ</span> (takli)</td></tr> <tr><td>he eats</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J#CD</span> (ya'kulu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J'CD</span> (yaakul)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she eats</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CD</span> (ta'kulu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*'CD</span> (taakul)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we eat</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F#CD</span> (na'kulu)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you eat</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*#CD'F</span> (ta'kulaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J#CD'F</span> (ya'kulaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CD'F</span> (ta'kulaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F#CD</span> (na'kulu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F'CD</span> (naakul)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CDHF</span> (ta'kuluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*'CDH'</span> (taklu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*#CDF</span> (ta'kulna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J#CDHF</span> (ya'kuluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J'CDH'</span> (yaklu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) eat</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J#CDF</span> (ya'kulna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that while in fuSHa the hamza is kept in the imperfect conjugations, in 3ammiyya it is elided into a long alif. <br /> <br /><br /><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs 2 - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">3#D - J3#D</span> (to ask)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*O</span> (sa'altu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*</span> (sa'alt)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*N</span> (sa'alta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*</span> (sa'alt)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*P</span> (sa'alti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*J</span> (sa'alti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D</span> (sa'ala)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D</span> (sa'al)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*</span> (sa'alat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*</span> (sa'alit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we asked</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">3#DF'</span> (sa'alna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you asked</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">3#D*E'</span> (sa'altuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D'</span> (sa'alaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*'</span> (sa'alataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#DF'</span> (sa'alna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#DF'</span> (sa'alna)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*E</span> (sa'altum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">3#D*H'</span> (sa'altuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#D*F</span> (sa'altunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#DH'</span> (sa'aluu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">3#DH'</span> (sa'aluu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) asked</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">3#DF</span> (sa'alna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs 2 - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">3#D - J3#D</span> (to ask)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#3#D</span> (as'alu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#3#D</span> (as'al)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#D</span> (tas'alu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#D</span> (tis'al)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#DJF</span> (tas'aliina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#DJ</span> (tis'ali)</td></tr> <tr><td>he asks</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J3#D</span> (yas'alu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J3#D</span> (yis'al)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she asks</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#D</span> (tas'alu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#D</span> (tis'al)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we ask</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F3#D</span> (nas'alu)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you ask</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*3#D'F</span> (tas'alaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J3#D'F</span> (yas'alaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#D'F</span> (tas'alaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3#D</span> (nas'alu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3#D</span> (nis'al)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#DHF</span> (tas'aluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*3#DH'</span> (tis'aluu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*3#DF</span> (tas'alna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J3#DHF</span> (yas'aluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J3#DH'</span> (yis'aluu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) ask</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J3#DF</span> (yas'alna)</td></tr> </table> <br /> <br /><span class="bold">Hamzated verbs 3 - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">B1# - JB1#</span> (to read)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*O</span> (qara'tu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1J*</span> <span dir="ltr">('areit)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*N</span> (qara'ta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1J*</span> <span dir="ltr">('areit)</span></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*P</span> (qara'ti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1J*J</span> <span dir="ltr">('areiti)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>he read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#</span> (qara'a)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1'</span> <span dir="ltr">('ara)</span></td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*</span> (qara'at)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1*</span> <span dir="ltr">('arit)</span></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we read</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">B1#F'</span> (qara'na)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you read</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">B1#*E'</span> (qara'tuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1"</span> (qar'aa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*'</span> (qara'taa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#F'</span> (qara'na)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1JF'</span> <span dir="ltr">('areina)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*E</span> (qara'tum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">B1J*H'</span> <span dir="ltr">('areituu)</span></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#*F</span> (qara'tunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#H'</span> (qara'uu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">B1H'</span> <span dir="ltr">('aruu)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">B1#F</span> (qara'na)</td></tr> </table> <br />Again, note that while the hamza is kept in the fuSHa conjugations, it is elided in 3ammiyya. <br /><br /><br /> <span class="bold">Hamzated verbs 3 - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">B1# - JB1#</span> (to read)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#B1#</span> (aqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#B1'</span> (a'ra)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1#</span> (taqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1'</span> (ti'ra)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1&JF</span> (taqra'iina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1J</span> (ti'ri)</td></tr> <tr><td>he reads</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JB1#</span> (yaqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JB1'</span> (yi'ra)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she reads</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1#</span> (taqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1'</span> (ti'ra)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we read</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">FB1#</span> (naqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you read</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*B1"F</span> (taqra'aani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JB1"F</span> (yaqra'aani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1"F</span> (taqra'aani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FB1#</span> (naqra'u)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FB1'</span> (ni'ra)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1#HF</span> (taqra'uuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*B1H'</span> (ti'ru)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*B1#F</span> (taqra'na)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JB1#HF</span> (yaqra'uuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">JB1H'</span> (yi'ru)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) read</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JB1#F</span> (yaqra'na)</td></tr> </table> <br /><hr /><br /> <h1>Weak verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DE9*DQ</span> (al-fi3l al-mu3tall)</h1><br /> A verb is "weak" if one of the letters from the verb's three root letters is <span class="arabic">'</span>, <span class="arabic">H</span>, or <span class="arabic">J</span>. There are three different classes of weak verbs; let's begin with: <br /><br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="assim"></a>Assimilated verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DE+'D</span> (al-fi3l al-mi<u>t</u>aal)</span> <br />Verbs where the first radical is a long vowel (usually <span class="arabic">H</span>). <br /><br /><span class="bold">Assimilated verbs - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">H5D - J5D</span> (to arrive)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*O</span> (waSaltu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*</span> (wiSilt)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*N</span> (waSalta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*</span> (wiSilt)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*P</span> (waSalti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*J</span> (wiSilti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D</span> (waSala)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D</span> (wiSil)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*</span> (waSalat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*</span> (wiSlit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we arrived</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">H5DF'</span> (waSalna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you arrived</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">H5D*E'</span> (waSaltuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D'</span> (waSalaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*'</span> (waSalataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5DF'</span> (waSalna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5DF'</span> (wiSilna)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*E</span> (waSaltum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">H5D*H'</span> (wiSiltuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5D*F</span> (waSaltunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5DH'</span> (waSaluu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">H5DH'</span> (wiSiluu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) arrived</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">H5DF</span> (waSalna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that weak verbs beginning with a <span class="arabic">H</span> are just like regular verbs regarding perfect conjugations.<br /> <br /><span class="bold">Assimilated verbs - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">H5D - J5D</span> (to arrive)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#5D</span> (aSilu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#H5D</span> (awSil)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5D</span> (taSilu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*H5D</span> (tiwSil)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5DJF</span> (taSiliina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*H5DJ</span> (tiwSili)</td></tr> <tr><td>he arrives</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J5D</span> (yaSilu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JH5D</span> (yiwSil)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she arrives</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5D</span> (taSilu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*H5D</span> (tiwSil)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we arrive</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F5D</span> (naSilu)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you arrive</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*5D'F</span> (taSilaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J5D'F</span> (yaSilaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5D'F</span> (taSilaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F5D</span> (naSilu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FH5D</span> (niwSil)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5DHF</span> (taSiluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*H5DH'</span> (tiwSilu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*5DF</span> (taSilna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J5DHF</span> (yaSiluuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">JH5DH'</span> (yiwSilu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) arrive</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J5DF</span> (yaSilna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that in the imperfect mood, an assimilated verb drops its first letter in fuSHa. In 3ammiyya, however, the initial letter remains. <br /><br /><hr /><br /> <h1>Weak verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DE9*DQ</span> (al-fi3l al-mu3tall)</h1> <br />The second kind of weak verb is: <br /><br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="holl"></a>Hollow verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'D#,HA</span> (al-fi3l al-ajwaf)</span> <br />Verbs where the second radical is either a <span class="arabic">H</span> (as with <span class="arabic">B'D - JBHD</span>) or <span class="arabic">J</span> (as with <span class="arabic">('9 - J(J9</span>); in the perfect, the <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span> is replaced by an alif. <br /><br /><span class="bold">Hollow verbs - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">2'1 - J2H1</span> (to visit)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*O</span> (zurtu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*</span> (zurt)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*N</span> (zurta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*</span> (zurt)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*P</span> (zurti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*J</span> (zurti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">2'1</span> (zaara)</span></td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">2'1</span> (zaar)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">2'1*</span> (zaarat)</span></td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">2'1*</span> (zaarit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we visited</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">21F'</span> (zurna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you visited</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">21*E'</span> (zurtuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">2'1'</span> (zaaraa)</span></td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">2'1*'</span> (zaarataa)</span></td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21F'</span> (zurna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21F'</span> (zurna)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*E</span> (zurtum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">21*H'</span> (zurtuu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21*F</span> (zurtunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">2'1H'</span> (zaaruu)</span></td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">2'1H'</span> (zaaru)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) visited</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">21F</span> (zurna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that the long vowel is dropped in all conjugations but those for the third-person singular, dual, and plural masculine. When the long vowel is dropped, it is replaced by a short version of the long consonant used in the imperfect conjugation. For example, the imperfect conjugation of <span class="arabic">2'1</span> zaara is <span class="arabic">J2H1</span> yazuuru, so a short "u" is used. Other examples: the imperfect conjugation of <span class="arabic">C'F</span> kaana is <span class="arabic">JCHF</span> yakuunu, so a short "u" is used for the perfect conjugations where the long vowel is dropped. But the imperfect conjugation of <span class="arabic">3'1</span> saara is <span class="arabic">J3J1</span> yasiiru, so a short "i" would be used in those instances. <br /><br /><span class="bold">Hollow verbs - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">2'1 - J2H1</span> (to visit)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#2H1</span> (azuuru)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#2H1</span> (azuur)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1</span> (tazuuru)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1</span> (tizuur)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1JF</span> (tazuuriina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1J</span> (tizuuri)</td></tr> <tr><td>he visits</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J2H1</span> (yazuuru)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J2H1</span> (yizuur)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she visits</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1</span> (tazuuru)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1</span> (tizuur)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we visit</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F2H1</span> (nazuuru)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you visit</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*2H1'F</span> (tazuuraani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J2H1'F</span> (yazuuraani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1'F</span> (tazuuraani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F2H1</span> (nazuuru)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F2H1</span> (nizuur)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*2H1HF</span> (tazuuruuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*2H1H'</span> (tizuuru)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">*21F</span> (tazurna)</span></td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J2H1HF</span> (yazuuruuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J2H1H'</span> (yizuuru)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) visit</td><td dir="rtl"><span style="background-color:#FEFB62"><span class="arabic">J21F</span> (yazurna)</span></td></tr> </table> <br />Note that here the long vowel is dropped only for the feminine second and third-person plurals. <br /><br /><hr /><br /> <h1>Weak verbs <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DE9*DQ</span> (al-fi3l al-mu3tall)</h1> <br />The third kind of weak verb is: <br /><br /><span class="emphasis"><span class="italic"><a name="defect"></a>Defective verbs</span> <br /><span class="arabic">'DA9D 'DF'B5</span> (al-fi3l an-naaqiS)</span> <br />Verbs where the final root radical is either a <span class="arabic">H</span> or <span class="arabic">J</span>. There are three types of defective verbs: <br /><br /><ul> <li>Verbs with a <span class="arabic">H</span> as the last root letter (ex. <span class="arabic">(/' - J(/H</span> bada - yabdu, "to seem, appear")</li> <li>Verbs with a <span class="arabic">J</span> as the last root letter and a kasra (short "i") as the middle vowel in the past/perfect tense, of the form "fa3iya - yaf3a" (ex. <span class="arabic">F3I - JF3I</span> nasiya - yansa, "to forget")</li> <li>Verbs with a <span class="arabic">J</span> as the last root letter and a fatHa (short "a") as the middle vowel in the past/perfect tense, of the form "fa3a - yaf3i" (ex. <span class="arabic">,1I - J,1J</span> jara - yajri, "to run")<br /> Note that in Cairene Arabic, verbs of the type "fa3al" are often pronounced differently from standard Arabic in the past tense. While standard pronunciation would be "fa3al," Cairene pronunciation would be "fi3il." So "jara" becomes "giri."</li> </ul> <br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 1 (third letter <span class="arabic">H</span>) - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">1,' - J1,H</span> (to implore, request, hope)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H*O</span> (rajawtu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,J*</span> (rageit)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H*N</span> (rajawta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,J*</span> (rageit)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H*P</span> (rajawti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,J*J</span> (rageiti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,'</span> (raja)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,'</span> (raga)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,*</span> (rajat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,J*</span> (ragyit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we implored</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">1,HF'</span> (rajawna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you implored</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">1,H*E'</span> (rajawtuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H'</span> (rajawaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,*'</span> (rajataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,HF'</span> (rajawna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,JF'</span> (rageina)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H*E</span> (rajawtum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">1,J*H'</span> (rageitu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H*F</span> (rajawtunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,H'</span> (rajaw)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">1,JH'</span> (ragyu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) implored</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">1,HF</span> (rajawna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 1 (third letter <span class="arabic">H</span>) - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">1,' - J1,H</span> (to implore, request, hope)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#1,H</span> (arju)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#1,H</span> (argu)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,H</span> (tarju)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,H</span> (tirgu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,JF</span> (tarjiina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,J</span> (tirgi)</td></tr> <tr><td>he implores</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1,H</span> (yarju)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1,H</span> (yirgu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she implores</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,H</span> (tarju)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,H</span> (tirgu)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we implore</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F1,H</span> (narju)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you implore</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*1,H'F</span> (tarjuaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1,H'F</span> (yarjuaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,H'F</span> (tarjuaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F1,H</span> (narju)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F1,H</span> (nirgu)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,HF</span> (tarjuuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*1,H'</span> (tirgu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*1,HF</span> (tarjuuna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1,HF</span> (yarjuuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J1,H'</span> (yirgu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) implore</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J1,HF</span> (yarjuuna)</td></tr> </table> <br />Note that the verb <span class="arabic">1,' - J1,H</span> is not used in colloquial Egyptian Arabic, except for <span class="arabic">#1,HC</span> (arguuk), "Please; I beg you." However, I went ahead and used this verb for comparison's sake, since defective verbs with a <span class="arabic">H</span> as their third letter in standard Arabic tend to change to a <span class="arabic">J</span> in dialect. For instance: <ul> <li>"to complain," <span class="arabic">4C' - J4CH</span> (aaka - yaaku) in standard Arabic, becomes <span class="arabic">4CI - J4CJ</span> (aaka - yiaki) in dialect.</li> <li>"to invade," <span class="arabic">:2' - J:2H</span> (!aza - ya!zu) in standard Arabic, becomes <span class="arabic">:2I - J:2J</span> (!aza - yi!zi) in dialect.</li> <li>"to invite/pray," <span class="arabic">/9' - J/9H</span> (da3a - yad3u) in standard Arabic, becomes <span class="arabic">/9I - J/9J</span> (da3a - yid3i) in dialect.</li> <li>"to survive, escape safely," <span class="arabic">F,' - JF,H</span> (naja - yanju) in standard Arabic, becomes <span class="arabic">F,J - JF,J</span> (nigi - yingi) in dialect.</li> </ul> <br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 2 ("fa3iya - yaf3a") - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">F3J - JF3I</span> (to forget)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*O</span> (nasiitu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*</span> (niseit)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*N</span> (nasiita)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*</span> (niseit)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*P</span> (nasiiti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*J</span> (niseiti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J</span> (nasiya)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J</span> (nisi)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*</span> (nasiyat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*</span> (nisyit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we forgot</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F3JF'</span> (nasiina)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you forgot</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F3J*E'</span> (nasiituma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J'</span> (nasiyaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*'</span> (nasiyataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3JF'</span> (nasiina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3JF'</span> (niseina)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*E</span> (nasiitum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">F3J*H'</span> (niseitu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3J*F</span> (nasiitunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3H'</span> (nasuu)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">F3JH'</span> (nisyu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) forgot</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F3JF</span> (nasiina)</td></tr> </table> <br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 2 ("fa3iya - yaf3a") - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">F3J - JF3I</span> (to forget)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#F3I</span> (ansa)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">'F3I</span> (ansa)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3I</span> (tansa)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3I</span> (tinsa)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3JF</span> (tansayna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3J</span> (tinsi)</td></tr> <tr><td>he forgets</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JF3I</span> (yansa)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JF3I</span> (yinsa)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she forgets</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3I</span> (tansa)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3I</span> (tinsa)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we forget</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">FF3I</span> (nansa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you forget</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*F3'F</span> (tansaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JF3J'F</span> (yansayaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3J'F</span> (tansayaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FF3I</span> (nansa)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">FF3I</span> (ninsa)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3HF</span> (tansawna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*F3H'</span> (tinsu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*F3JF</span> (tansayna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JF3HF</span> (yansawna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">JF3H'</span> (yinsu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) forget</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">JF3JF</span> (yansayna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 3 ("fa3a - yaf3i") - perfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">,1I - J,1J</span> (to run)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*O</span> (jaraytu)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*</span> (gireit)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*N</span> (jarayta)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*</span> (gireit)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*P</span> (jarayti)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*J</span> (gireiti)</td></tr> <tr><td>he ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1I</span> (jara)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J</span> (giri)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1*</span> (jarat)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*</span> (giryit)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we ran</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">,1JF'</span> (jarayna)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you ran</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">,1J*E'</span> (jaraytuma)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J'</span> (jarayaa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1*'</span> (jarataa)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1JF'</span> (jarayna)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1JF'</span> (gireina)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*E</span> (jaraytum)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">,1J*H'</span> (gireitu)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1J*F</span> (jaraytunna)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1H'</span> (jaraw)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">,1JH'</span> (giryu)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) ran</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">,1JF</span> (jarayna)</td></tr> </table> <br /><span class="bold">Defective verbs 3 ("fa3a - yaf3i") - imperfect mood</span> <table class="conj"> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <colgroup class="column"></colgroup> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td colspan="4"><center><span class="arabic">,1I - J,1J</span> (to run)</center></td></tr> <tr class="odd bottombordersolid"><td>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>English</strong></td><td><strong>Standard Arabic</strong></td><td><strong>Egyptian Arabic</strong></td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Singular</strong></td><td>I run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#,1J</span> (ajri)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">#,1J</span> (agri)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J</span> (tajri)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J</span> (tigri)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1JF</span> (tajriina)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J</span> (tigri)</td></tr> <tr><td>he runs</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J,1J</span> (yajri)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J,1J</span> (yigri)</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>she runs</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J</span> (tajri)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J</span> (tigri)</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" class="odd"><strong>Dual</strong></td><td class="bottombordersolid">we run</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">F,1J</span> (najri)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class="bottombordersolid">you run</td><td dir="rtl" class="bottombordersolid"><span class="arabic">*,1J'F</span> (tajriyaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J,1J'F</span> (yajriyaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottomborderthick"><td>they (fem.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1J'F</span> (tajriyaani)</td><td dir="rtl">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td rowspan="5" class="odd"><strong>Plural</strong></td><td>we run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F,1J</span> (najri)</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">F,1J</span> (nigri)</td></tr> <tr><td>you (masc.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1HF</span> (tajruuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">*,1H'</span> (tigru)</td></tr> <tr class="bottombordersolid"><td>you (fem.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">*,1JF</span> (tajriina)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (masc.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J,1HF</span> (yajruuna)</td><td dir="rtl" rowspan="2"><span class="arabic">J,1H'</span> (yigru)</td></tr> <tr><td>they (fem.) run</td><td dir="rtl"><span class="arabic">J,1JF</span> (yajriina)</td></tr> </table> <br /> <br /><span class="back">&larr; <a href="grammar.html">Main grammar page</a></span> <span class="forward"><a href="g_tenses.html">Verb tenses</a> &rarr;</span> <br /> </div> <div id="footer"> <p><a href="mailto:webmaster%20(at)%20desert-sky%20(dot)%20net">Contact</a></p> </div> </div> </body> </html>